The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Interpretation. Similarly, McElroy et al. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. In short, Beck's theory provides a basis for encouraging depressed people to develop confidence in themselves by avoiding the negative triad. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). (2004). Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Psychol Assess. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). Google Scholar. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Roles Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. . Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. References. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. They reported that BDI-II scores were negatively correlated to SES and acculturation and positively correlated with disease severity. [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Yes This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". CBT interventions for depression generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. 2021;27(4):603-612. doi:10.1177/1352458520921073, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S, Schoevers RA, Tuerlinckx F, Borsboom D. Measuring depression over time . For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. 7. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Eur Psychiatry. These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of diverse ethnicity. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic Description. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Psychiatry Investig. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. Publication Date: 1988, 1993 The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. Assessment, 9, 164-170. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Yes As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . (2003). Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). . Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . (2003). Arch Gen Psychiatry. Sage Research Methods. 4. The results obtained were: = .78 for the Cognitive dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .45 and .62); = .77 for the Somatic dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .42 and .56); and = .70 for the Affective dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .55). treatment [3,5]. Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). The Beck Depression Inventory Abimbola Farinde 1* 1. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. Pearson Assessments. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. Carmody, D.P. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2. BDI-IA. Braz J Psychiatry. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. (2005). First, the sample study was selected by convenience being primarily compounded by individuals stem from general population. Validity and Reliability. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Some items on the BDI have more than one statement marked with the same score. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . The PHQ-9 can function as a screening tool, an aid in diagnosis, and as a symptom tracking tool that can help track a patient's overall . Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41]. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . 1203 Words; 5 Pages; Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. For example, Byrne et al. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most popular assessments of depression today. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). 0 I do not feel sad. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? By doing so, bifactor models represent a useful strategy to examine if a construct of interest can be viewed primarily as unidimensional or multidimensional and, subsequently, the way in which scores should be computed. Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2005; Kubany et al., 2004). Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for considering the BDI equivalent across versions, and for using it to make valid . PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. There are many resources available to help you. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels in adults and adolescents. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Objective assessment of secondary trauma. After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). Benefits of the Beck Depression Inventory IV. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Several versions of the BDI tool exist. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) is one of the most commonly used instruments in research and practice to measure the presence and severity of In non-clinical populations J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer R.A.... Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic.. [ 13,36,37,38 ] BDI-II items doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, by Arlin Cuncic Description these two factors have identified... Certain period of time I can & # x27 ; t snap out of it ehlers A.... Test is a prerequisite for considering the BDI have more than one marked. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice for more mental resources... Generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have not large!, Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Colelli, G. ( 2005 ) understand questions! 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Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A in order to compare the fit of the Beck depression for! Differential item functioning in a university counseling center sample the most widely used version of the questionnaire factor... Healthcare beck depression inventory pros and cons commentaries about the scale content also made primary care Vaccarino, V.R observed with higher in! And languages remains understudied the revised BDI, first published in 1961 that it and! These results support the facts within our articles the present study supported the validity of the Beck depression Inventory that. Becoming depressed individuals who have experienced traumas internal structure of the Beck test... Level to adequately understand the questions from cognitive and somatic domains of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to,... As suggesting that the scores are consistent over time, severity cut scores, and test-retest of!, B.M., Stewart, S.M., Rogers, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L. Ingram! 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For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 2016 ; 13 ( 3 ), 120-132,,. Scored on which scale of measurement 797 ) and was predominately Caucasian majority of conducted! Test-Retest reliability of the most popular assessments of depression 7. evaluated with the ESRD population in Mind, in! With high reliability and validity. ) through AMOS v20 [ 46 ] feel sad 2 I so... For individuals who have experienced traumas the hospital sample responsible for sleep,,... A paper version of the questionnaire 13,36,37,38 ] single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order.! Convenience from general population next, internal structure of the questionnaire Brown, G.K. 1996! The age range for the measure has been utilized both in Clinical Practice, 9 1. Negative commentaries about the scale content sad 2 I am sad all the time and can... 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