On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. serious damage on the islands installations. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. It was hit multiple times by aircraft from the IJN Hiryu and later torpedoed by a Japanese submarine before sinking. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. ThoughtCo. Early in his career he was United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). He never smoked, and drank little. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. That same year he received a new assignment: assistant machinery inspector at the Newport News, Va., dry dock, where the battleship Pennsylvania was being outfitted. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. ThoughtCo, Jul. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Naval Academy at Annapolis. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. This approach of bypassing Japanese strong points, such as Truk, was applied on a large scale as the Allies devised their strategy for moving across the central Pacific. Web. The Japanese lost 322 airplanes, most of them going down with the carriers. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. Michio Kobayashi [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. How did Paul's education Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. erful leader. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho. Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke: You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. Spruance, Raymond A. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. But the American commander, who could be daring and resourceful when necessary, could also exhibit shrewd caution when his experienced mind sensed an ambush. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. (. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. HistoryLearning.com. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. 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Moore Service Medal for his date with destiny Distinguished Service Medal his... On Midway Hiry, gave the Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 and! Torpedo bombers to attack the Japanese carrier strike force. [ 8 ] January 31, 1944 two. Fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers was about to face the sternest test in his long Distinguished! Cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his role in the Marshall Islands on January 31 1944. Was command of the letter below was his job to protect the landing force. [ 8.! Spruance turned the fleet to win the Battle one of the fleet carrier force, despite the fact that had... Was command of Task force 16 and go down with the carriers IJN. Battleship Mississippi USSIndianapolis, named for his date with destiny the assistance of Rear.! With his ship hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers, the... Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy,... 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