Germany's largest wooded area,. The spacious eastern steppes and, to the west and north, primeval forests as yet only marginally touched by human occupancy further underlined environmental contrasts. Let's take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The well-watered plateaus give rise to many rivers and are well adapted to pastoral farming. Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. Europe's highest peak, Mount Elbrus at 5,642 meters (18,510 feet), is in the Caucasus Mountains of Russia. La Boule measures 7.5 miles and is served by a lovely and ancient seaside town where many of the French elite have holiday homes. Routes detour around, or seek gaps through, those uplandswhose German appellation, Horst (thicket), recalls their still wooded character, while their coal basins give them great economic importance. These journeys varied in length, depending on the migration patterns of specific reindeer herds. All rights reserved. I think this makes it easy to assume they are not part of continental Europe. Furthermore, the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa and southwestern Asia also exhibit some European physical and cultural affinities. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. The North European Plain extends across the country's northern reaches; this flat, lowland terrain is dissected by . Only hill masses less than 800 feet (240 metres) in height rise gently within the Russian (East European) Plain, which continues northward into Finland, westward into the North European Plain, and southward in the Romanian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian plains. They created clothing and tents out of reindeer hides, sewing together the cloth with twine made from the animals tendons.Keeping track of herds and individual animals became increasingly important in Sami life. She or he will best know the preferred format. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Fast Facts: France Official Name: French Republic Capital: Paris Population: 67,364,357 (2018) Note: This figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 Asia is not Europe ;-). ft. home is a 4 bed, 4.0 bath property. Early Europeans, in fact, shaped global ideas of citizenship and government. 7 Fun and Fashionable DIY Animal Ears That You Should Make Look like a Fashionista by Color Coordinate Your Outfits like a Pro Introverts Vs Extroverts Which One Are You. Indeed, Turkey has sought membership in the European Union (EU), and the Republic of Cyprus joined the organization in 2004. These countries included Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. Looking for interesting facts about Austria? Intense trade introduced many species, which often overtook native plants. East of the Vistula River, Europes expansive lowlands have something of the scale and character of those of northern Asia. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. 4. Ancient Greeks believed it was the home of the gods. The topography of the country is divided very clearly between the hilly Oesling of the . The European Union has 23 official languages, and the continent has more than 60 indigenous languages. The EU accepts few candidates: member states must maintain a stable, democratic form of government, a free-market economy, and commitment to the rule of law.The rapid growth of the European Union, however, has caused a number of administrative and political tensions. Related topics are discussed in such articles as those on religion (e.g., Judaism and Roman Catholicism) and literature (e.g., Greek literature; Dutch literature; and Spanish literature). The empire of ancient Rome, at its greatest extent in the 2nd century ce, revealed, and imprinted its culture on, much of the face of the continent. The consensus is, however, that the largest glacier in Europe is the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. El "cambio climtico" abarca el calentamiento global, pero se refiere a la gama ms amplia de cambios que le estn ocurriendo a nuestro planeta. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe. This is to be found at Le Baule-Escoublac, on the southern coast of Brittany. Economically, Russia and former Soviet states are not part of what we think of as Europe these days, because they are not part of the European Union. The Brde (German: edge) belt lies at the northern foot of the Central European Uplands and the Carpathians. Europe's population is 741.4 million people. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. 33 forms the majority of the population while 54 are ethnic minorities. As a continent with hugely diverse topography, the geographical facts about Europe are going to be an interesting collection. The forests and grasslands of Western and Central Europe have been almost completely domesticated, with crops and livestock dominant.Finally, small, drought-resistant plants border the Mediterranean Sea, Europe's southern edge. Europe has a diversity of terrains, physical features, and climates. Kazakhstan and Russia are in Asia. The region includes the mountains of the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Dinaric Alps, Balkans, and Carpathians.High elevations, rugged plateaus, and steeply sloping land define the region. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Corrections? The highest points reached in Norway and Sweden are, respectively, Galdh Peak (8,100 feet [2,469 metres]) and Mount Kebne (6,926 feet [2,111 metres]). 5. geography of Scandinavia facts. Professor of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs. The Republic of Ireland occupies 80 percent of this landmass, while a large chunk of land in the north, called Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom.All together, the island of Ireland is made up of 32 counties. The most common way to show this is using topographical maps. Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Projects are meant to stay a part of the city after 2011some pieces of sculpture may be used for athletics, for instance. The Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. 2. It is 1733 meters (5,686 feet) deep and is located near the Swiss and Italian borders, in the area of the Savoy Alps close to the village of Samoens. Climatically, Europe benefits by having only a small proportion of its surface either too cold or too hot and dry for effective settlement and use. For the political geography of Europe, see, Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands, Countries bordering or spanning another continent, Countries whose capital is not the most populous, List of countries by the number of other countries they border, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks, List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks, Special member state territories and the European Union, Language facts European day of languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1140367331, Lower Danubian Plain, between Balkan Mountains and, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57. All the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. Author of. Si prega di abilitare JavaScript. From the smallest town in the world to the biggest church on earth, and from a knighted penguin to a country free of mosquitoes, there are hundreds of random and fun facts about Europe. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. A contrast exists between the configuration of peninsular, or western, Europe and that of eastern Europe, which is a much larger and more continental area. Key Facts. Por favor, active JavaScript. This linguistic diversity is present in the Alpine regions of many contemporary European countries today.Switzerland, for example, has four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch. The link between these peninsulas has made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history.Europe's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.Europe can be divided into four major physical regions, running from north to south: Western Uplands, North European Plain, Central Uplands, and Alpine Mountains.Western UplandsThe Western Uplands, also known as the Northern Highlands, curve up the western edge of Europe and define the physical landscape of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, Spain, and Portugal.The Western Uplands is defined by hard, ancient rock that was shaped by glaciation. Volcanic rocks add to the diversity of those regions. Veuillez activer JavaScript. Within the standard geographical boundaries, it is comprised of 737 million. Switzerland's small sizeits total area is about half that of Scotlandand its modest population give little indication of its international significance. Eastern Europe is everything east of Germany, Austria, and Italy. Swiss-Italian is distinguishable from Italian.Romansch, an endangered language, is also derived from Latin. The continent, excluding Russia, contains less than one-tenth of the total population of the world, but in general its people are well educated and highly skilled. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Europe is a peninsula of the Eurasian supercontinent and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas to the south.Europes main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in northern Europe. The land in those areas, however, is of little use for crops. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Europe is the second-smallest continent, but the third-largest in population. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. As Ive talked about fire (volcanoes), it wouldnt be right to leave ice out of the geography facts of Europe. Please enable JavaScript. 1. Important highlands in this region include the Massif Central and the Vosges in France, the Ardennes of Belgium, the Black Forest and the Taunus in Germany, and the Ore and Sudeten in the Czech Republic. The Sami culture of Scandinavia, for example, was deeply connected to the indigenous reindeer herds of the Arctic. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Surprising for such a massive river, it has a humble beginning, rising at just 740 feet above sea level in the Valday Hills which are to the north west of Moscow. The name Europe may also come from combining the Greek roots eur- (wide) and -op (seeing) to form the phrase wide-gazing.Europe is often described as a peninsula of peninsulas. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. This map shows the physical features of Europe, surrounding lands, and offshore areas. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The city of Milan is regarded as a major fashion capital, hosting an international fashion week twice a year. Lake Ladoga is the worlds 14th largest lake by area, and Russia also has the deepest lake in the world Lake Baikal. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe falls. FAST FACTS OFFICIAL NAME: Ireland FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitutional Democracy CAPITAL: Dublin POPULATION: 5,068,050 MONEY:. (South of Northern Ireland is the separate country of Ireland, which gained its independence from the U.K. in 1937.) Larger only than Australia, it is a small appendage of Eurasia. Russia is Europe's largest country. Some of these concepts include the idea of an elected Senate and the stationing of military troops outside a countrys home region.World War I and World War II dramatically affected the political geography of Europe. Each country could easily make a contribution with an interesting fact as the landscape changes so dramatically across small spaces, unlike other continents. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). Map created by National Geographic Maps. A contrast exists between the configuration of peninsular, or western, Europe and that of eastern Europe, which is a much larger and more continental area. Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. The Danubian and northern Italian lowlands are thus mountain-ringed islands. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). Although this area remains heavily forested, the continent's forests were drastically reduced as a result of intense urbanization throughout human history. The greater part of Europe, however, combines low elevation with low relief. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. 0. By size, Germany is the seventh-largest European country. As observed on Germany's physical map, the country's topography varies significantly from north to south. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. Developed countries, however, are also facing economic challenges. Europes eastern boundary, however, is not a cultural, political, or economic discontinuity on the land comparable, for example, to the insulating significance of the Himalayas, which clearly mark a northern limit to South Asian civilization. Critics believe the process of attaining EU membership is too difficult for Europes developing economies. Some reindeer herds have a home range of up to 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Aegean Islands, land, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Adjacent to Asia), Fyn, Faroe Islands, Gotland, Great Britain, Hinnya, Iceland, Ionian Islands, Ireland, Malta, North Jutlandic Island, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard and Zealand. You can actually get very close to the falls and safely, thanks to a well maintained hiking trail. As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to the known northern part of Africa. Four broad topographic units can be simply, yet usefully, distinguished in the continent of Europe. Europe's eastern frontier is usually delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia, which is the largest country by land area in the continent. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea. The political cartoons sought to engage in the debate surrounding Muslim extremism. Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. The Iron Curtain was an ideological boundary that divided Europe into two blocsWestern countries influenced by the United States, and Eastern countries influenced by the Soviet Union. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. This is a main theme of The Odyssey, an epic poem written by Homer, in which these key elements of the sea both help and hurt the hero.Other cultures developed around the unique resources at their disposal. San Marino and Vatican City, two fully sovereign nations, are both completely surrounded by Italy. Topographic maps show a wide range of human and physical features of the Earth. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. Ethnic Groups / People of Europe are at 87. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The Sami followed and cared for these herds during their grazing cycle. A volcanos violent nature thus came from the work of Hephaestus and the anger of the imprisoned gods.The ancient Greeks connection to the sea also deeply influenced their mythological beliefs. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. These physical features allowed for early communication, travel, and agricultural development. Around 400 CE, the Alemanni, a Germanic tribe, invaded present-day northern Switzerland. There are more bicycles than people in the country (22.3 million bicycles and 17 million people). Norway has the longest coastline in Europe. Nations that use the euro as a unit of currency are called the eurozone.Leadership of the EU, split among different branches and institutions, is a working model of international cooperation. Examination of Turkey's topographic structure on a physical map of the world shows clearly the . The U.K. also includes Northern Ireland, which is on another island. Luxembourg is a small country located in the Low Countries, part of North-West Europe It borders Belgium for 148 kilometres (92 miles) to the west and north, France (73 km [45 mi]) to the south, and Germany (138 km [86 mi]) to the east. A landlocked country of towering mountains, deep Alpine lakes, grassy valleys dotted with . The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The United States and the Soviet Union built up huge nuclear arsenals, with many missiles aimed at targets throughout Europe. The northern lowlands are areas of glacial deposition, and, accordingly, their surface is diversified by such features as the Valdai Hills of western Russia; by deposits of boulder clay, sands, and gravels; by glacial lakes; and by the Pripet Marshes, a large ill-drained area of Belarus and Ukraine. The highest elevations and the most rugged relief of the European continent are found farther south, where the structures of the Cenozoic orogeny (i.e., from the past 66 million years) provide mountain scenery. Europes largest islands and archipelagoes include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the British Isles, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete, and Cyprus. Yet the peninsular and insular western extremity of the continent, thrusting toward the North Atlantic Ocean, providesthanks to its latitude and its physical geographya relatively genial human habitat, and the long processes of human history came to mark off the region as the home of a distinctive civilization. Important Scandinavian companies focused on designed products include Electrolux, which makes home electronics, and Ikea and H&M, famous around the world for inexpensive but well-designed home furnishings and clothing, respectively. [3] [4] It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia, to the . By supporting this policy, the European Union hopes it will strengthen social, educational, professional, and economic ties in Europe and make the continent more competitive in global markets.Europes cultural products also help unify the region. The language survives in Switzerland because of the remote location of its native speakers.Contemporary CulturesEuropes rich and diverse cultural heritage continues to flourish today. One Capital of Culture of 2011, Turku, Finland, focused on cultures positive influence on health and well-being. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French English, Turkish and Italian. All in all, Europe enjoys a considerable and long-exploited resource base of soil, forest, sea, and minerals (notably coal), but its people are increasingly its principal resource. Not only is it pretty huge (2.5 times the size of Mount Vesuvius, which so famously buried Pompeii), but it is also one of the most active volcanoes in the world. The goals of the program are local, regional, and global. This honor goes to Gouffre Mirolda in France. You cannot download interactives. Lets take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. Trade relations beyond its frontiers also drew the remoter regions into its sphere. Manmade features such as roads, dams, and cities may also be included. Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in Northern Europe. In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. International economic and military organizations developed on either side of the Iron Curtain. Turku officials hope to inspire other European countries to undertake similar projects.Europe also strengthens ties between its diverse peoples and cultures by supporting multilingual education. Flora & FaunaMuch like its physical regions, Europe's plant and animal communities follow a general north-south orientation. Social Sci LibreTexts - Introduction to Europe, National Geographic - Europe: Physical Geography, Europe - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Europe - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), China says EU TikTok ban will harm business confidence, What time is it on moon? The biggest is Lake Ladoga, which covers just under 7,000 square miles and sits close to St. Petersburg. Flourishing immigrant communities are bringing in new languages to the continent, including Arabic, Hindi, and Mandarin.A 2006 European study showed that 53 percent of respondents could speak a second language, while 28 percent could speak two foreign languages. The map was produced using a Lambert conformal conic projection, with standard parallels at 40 degrees north . Il sito web di CORDIS prevede che JavaScript sia abilitato per funzionare correttamente. Topography and bathymetry are shown in a combination of color with shaded relief. Turkey and Cyprus in particular, while geologically Asian, possess elements of European culture and may be regarded as parts of Europe. The ultimate fate of the European Space Agency's JUICE mission could drastically change should it succeed in discovering that Ganymede's ocean is both potentially habitable and accessible. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. Kazakhstan. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40C. Glaciers are found in a surprisingly large number of European countries, including Iceland, Norway, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. It stands 10,922 feet high on the coast of the Mediterranean island Sicily. Gouffre Mirolda is the 3rd deepest cave in the world after Krubera Cave and Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya Cave, both in Georgia (former Soviet Republic). It is bounded by the North Sea in the north and west. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). The study also showed that only 8 percent of respondents considered language-learning unimportant.The European Union has adopted a multilingual language policy with the goal that everyone should be able to speak at least two languages in addition to their own. Topography describes the physical features of an area of land. Europe also supports high densities of population, concentrated in urban-industrial regions. Those are coastal and interior lowlands, central uplands and plateaus, the northwestern highlands, and southern Europe. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The Apennines, Dinaric Alps, and Balkan Mountains, as well as the arc-shaped Carpathian Mountains and their southern portion, the Transylvanian Alps, also exhibit high elevations. Europe is home to the birthplace of democracy and Western culture in the ancient civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The continent also comprises numerous islands, somenotably the Faroes and Icelandlocated at a distance from the mainland. Actually, geographically Russia and former Soviet republics are Europe and always have been. Germany's location at the heart of Europe has shaped its history both for good and bad. The western part of the continent clearly has a high proportion of coastline with good maritime access and often with inland penetration by means of navigable rivers. Greeces many earthquakes, and the tsunamis they caused, were connected to the sea god Poseidon, known as the Earth Shaker. Cults and temples centered on Poseidon were built throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean seas as a means of appeasing the god.As maritime trade and exploration developed in the region, winds and currents connected to Poseidon became important in Greek mythology. Distinguished in the debate surrounding Muslim extremism topographic units can be simply, yet usefully, distinguished in the surrounding... 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