Do you think of yourself as a conformist or a non-conformist? Myers DG. 3 Our use of the term agreed here (and throughout the article) is a simplification that follows a confusion created by Asch's (1956) procedures and analysis. Finally, there was a small amount of harm to the participants. According to Hogg & Vaughan (1995), the most robust finding is that conformity reaches its full extent with 3-5 The study raises ethical issues that the use of deception and lack of protection from psychological harm. While deceiving participants is unethical, it can be argued it was necessary for conducting this environment. Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization. Comparative Critique: Milgram vs. Asch. On 12 of the 18 trials confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a line that was longer or shorter than the original line). The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. The absence of group unanimity lowers overall conformity as participants feel less need for social approval of the group (re: normative conformity). Satisfactory Essays. The experiment has been described as 'a child of the times': Perrin and Spencer (1980) recreated Asch's experiment but with engineering students conformity levels were less. Lack of protection from psychological harm. there were still ethical issues that evolved throughout the testing. othe. These were the critical trials that measured conformity. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved Sociometry, 138-149. 2, pp. Even with this seemingly incompetent dissenter conformity dropped from 97% to 64%. conformity. The Experiment. Participants had to decide whether to provide the right answer and stand out from other group members or whether to conform to the group that is making a mistake and avoid the anxiety of being the odd one out. embarrassed and mad that they weren't told about it before. Failed replications also question how transferable Asch's findings are across cultures and time. In Stanley Milgram's "The Perils of Obedience", certain experiments were conducted on separate types of individuals. Your email address will not be published. What task did Asch (1951) use to investigate conformity? This was supported in a study by Allen and Levine (1968). The Solomon Asch paradigm was employed to gauge whether moral decision making is subject to conformity under social pressure as other types of decision making have been shown to be. Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line, A, B, or C, matched the length of the line on the first card. Asch deceived his participants by not revealing the true aim of the experiment- they thought it was about perception. On average, 37% of participants conformed in each of the twelve critical trials. ethical, legal and cultural values that are different from each This version includes definitions of normative and informational conformity and the powerful effect of having. Strengths of Asch's study: A high degree of control ensures that a cause-effect relationship can be. Asch, S. E. (1956). Participants were deceived about the character of the study (they thought they were taking part in a visual test experiment) and about the other group members (they thought the confederates were real participants). Crossman, Ashley. Asch (1956) found that even the presence of just one confederate that Conformity occurs when we change our behaviour or opinions to match those of a group. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? In their version of the experiment, they introduced a Third, the study of Asch was an integral part of his perspective on social psychology, which authors again ignored, thus encouraging a limited and out-of-context view of his study. When asked about why they conformed, some participants admitted that they started doubting the accuracy of their perception, and some conformed to avoid standing out from the rest of the group. There arose ethical issues in Aschs experiment. The subjects involved in the study were brought into a room with seven other students (who were all working for Asch and . 822 Words. Most participants reported feeling stressed, although this wasn't 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. The bigger the majority group (no of Robbers Cave Experiment. In each experimental case, the confederates answered first, and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last. Informed consent refers to willingly agree to be part of a research. Better understanding of these complex bxs benefits humanity . Under the influence of group pressure, participants experienced distress related to the fear of rejection. The experiment concluded that people conform for two main reasons: they want to fit in with the group (normative influence) and because they believe the group is more informed than they are (informational influence). One weakness of Asch's study is its association with a number of ethical issues. To study the effects of group pressure in a laboratory environment Asch (1951, 1956) investigated whether participants' judgements on a simple visual perception task will be affected by group pressure. There are a number of ethical concerns in Asch's study. Read our, Results of the Asch Conformity Experiments, Criticisms of the Asch Conformity Experiments, How to Test Conformity With Your Own Psychology Experiment, The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, What the Bobo Doll Experiment Reveals About Kids and Aggression, The Most Famous Social Psychology Experiments Ever Performed, How Psychology Explains the Bystander Effect, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Studies of independence and conformity: I. Apply these principles to your own life. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 70(9), 1-70. When three confederates were present conformity reached 33% and mostly levelled off as the number of confederates increased further. Stanley Milgram Experiment's Ethical Issues. In the absence of the group, when participants made judgements alone they were correct over 99% of the time, suggesting that the task was obvious. . Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. In the experimental condition, participants had to make judgements in groups ranging from 7 to 9. What is the relationship between a hypothesis and an experiment? Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. He began to conduct his experiments on obedience in 1961, with the theory that people are inclined to obey authority figures . Across 396 trials, only one participant conformed. One limitation of the study is that is used a biased sample. The real participant did not know this and was led to believe that the other seven confederates/stooges were also real participants like themselves. person majority, with additional members having little effect. Most people believe that they are non-conformist enough to stand up to a group when they know they are right, but conformist enough to blend in with the rest of their peers. 1. Asch wanted to find out if the, real participant would be influenced and give a similar response to the fake participants. A series of classical experiments in social psychology demonstrate that people are strongly inclined to conform to what they take to be a prevailing norm. Therefore, it can be concluded that they conformed due to the normative social influence. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. What was the stimuli used in Asch's study of conformity? Those negative effects are slightly awkward, like in the Asch Line Study, or dangerous, like in the Milgram Experiment. Asch replied that he wanted to investigate a situation where the Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Both experiments were conducted in the Post-WWII world as a response to the . McLeod, S. A. more about the historical and cultural climate of the USA in the 1950s than then they do about the phenomena of Ethical Issues. Later, Perrin and Spencer (1980) replicated Asch's experiment on a sample of UK Engineering students. The experiment was deemed unethical, because the participants were led to believe that they were administering shocks to real people. Asch's conformity study was a laboratory experiment. Activity Ethical issues in conformity and obedience studies One issue that needs to be raised in relation to Asch's work is ethics. Some critics thought the high levels of conformity found by Asch were a reflection of American, 1950's culture and told us Have all your study materials in one place. confederates all agree with each other) which is more important than the size of the group. While the Hofling Hospital study was more ethical than the Milgram study, psychologists still wanted to improve the procedure. How do psychological principles affect the study of individual differences? Everything you need for your studies in one place. Asch told the participants that the purpose of the experiment was to test one's visual abilities. They found that on only one out of 396 trials did an observer join the erroneous majority. Complexity or difficulty of the task (people were more likely to conform if the judgment was difficult). Last, explain the role of psychology in such, An art collector bought 20 paintings at an art fair, and wants to know the average price of the paintings she purchased at the fair. Chapter 6: Research methods 176-177 Ethical issues and ways of dealing with them Ethics in context Activity type Consolidation This is a ready to go homework sheet where students are required to state a relevant issue, explain why it is an issue in the context of the given study and suggest a way of dealing with it. However, this Stanley Milgram experiment's ethical issues should not be ignored. (Asch, 1955). the participants and therefore the lack of informed consent The marshmallow experiment was simple: The researchers would give a child a marshmallow and then tell them that if they waited 15 minutes to eat it they would get a second one. You can opt-out at any time. For example, a person may feel pressurised to smoke because the rest of their friends are. For example, on the one hand we may believe that we should be honest to . Increasing the size of the majority beyond The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group. If the participant gave an incorrect answer it would be clear that this was due to group pressure. Asch hypothesised that in the critical trials, when the other group members (confederates) unanimously give a wrong answer to the task, participants will conform to the group and provide the same answer as others, even though they know it's incorrect. For a Frontline episode about this study click here! Demonstration of stimuli used by Asch (1951), Social rejection can cause distress and anxiety, freepik.com. These were the critical trials that measured conformity. In each experiment, a naive student participant was placed in a room with several other confederates who were in on the experiment. The guards punished one of the prisoners for rebelling by putting him in the hole. Morality has long been considered an inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is unswayed by the actions of those around us. Each participant was tested in a group of confederates. Subsequent research . The purpose of these critical trials was to see if the participants would change their answer in order to conform to how the others in the group responded. 12 of the trials, confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a longer or shorter line than the original line). The experience of being the only one that perceives the lines differently and gives different answers than the group was distressing to most participants. Muzafer Sherif conducted the Robbers Cave Experiment in the summer of 1954, testing group dynamics in the face of conflict. They even started waking them up in the middle of the night to do grit work. This means that the study has low ecological validity and the results cannot be generalized to other real-life situations of conformity. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. After experimental stimuli were presented each group member had to voice their answer publicly. The experimental stimuli consisted of a standard line and 3 comparison lines. With one other person (i.e., confederate) in the group conformity was 3%, with two others it increased to 13%, and with three or more it was 32% (or 1/3). 303-304. . Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure . This too explains how people were capable of following orders to kill others in genocides or wartime. Solomon Asch - Conformity Experiment. Using a line judgment task, Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges. Asch was interested in looking at how pressure from a group could lead people to conform, even when they knew that the rest of the group was wrong. Over the 12 critical trials, about 75% of participants conformed at least once, and 25% of participants never conformed. the participants to experience some distress because when they were Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group. What ethical issues does Asch's study have? Conformity - Jenness (1932) 'Conformity' is a type of social influence or group pressure in which ones beliefs and behaviour are changed in order to fit into a group. Later studies have also supported this finding, suggesting that having social support is an important tool in combating conformity. The main ethical issue to consider in Asch's study is decieving Then, they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled "A," "B," and "C." One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first, and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter. Using a line judgment task, Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges. Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. During the study, participants endured severe circumstances that could have attributed to psychological impairment. Retrieved Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-conformity.html. The Asch Conformity Experiments. The results of the study also raise interesting questions and concerns about how knowledge is constructed and disseminated, and how we can address social problems that stem from conformity, among others. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Developmental What was the experimental condition in Asch's experiment? However, how can we investigate conformity and the factors that affect it in a lab? Optimum conformity effects (32%) were found with a majority of 3. Zimbardo Stanford was in control of the guards. Its 100% free. (2021, February 16). Perrin and introduced a dissenting confederate. Abstract. One hundred and four Japanese undergraduates (40 men and . Ethical standards are violated when a person is psychologically, emotionally, or physically harmed from a research project that did not determine imminent risks in the study. 37% of participants conformed on an average critical trial, with 75% conforming at least once. Each study had 18 trials, 12 of which the confederates gave unanimous incorrect answers (Asch, 1955). However, it has been criticised for low ecological validity. Conformity Conformity in the Asch Experiment. Asch hypothesized that when confederates (fake participants) uniformly gave a particular response in a group setting, the lone true participant would feel pressure to conform to the group consensus. Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. However, they eventually began providing incorrect answers based on how they had been instructed by the experimenters. Definition and Examples. Why did the participants conform so readily? When they were interviewed after the experiment, most of them said that they did not really believe their conforming answers, but had gone along with the group for fear of being ridiculed or thought "peculiar. Another issue is the lack of protection from harm. Do you go with your initial response, or do you choose to conform to the rest of the group? What are the ethical issues of Asch's conformity study? For example the fact that they were using Yale as the location for the studies, and its name when advertising for volunteers, may have given the potential participants a false sense of security and feeling that their psychological needs would be taken care of as the university was well known and . Participants took part in a task in a group and didn't know they were the only subject of the experiment. The results of the experiment in terms of conformity rates can, to some extent, explain why people conform to social and cultural norms in real life. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? It can be argued that this type of conformity relates to our need to be liked by the group or simply the need to fit in. Both the Asch Line Study and the Milgram Experiment look at conformity, obedience, and the negative effects of going along with the majority opinion. According to some critics, individuals may have actually been motivated to avoid conflict, rather than an actual desire to conform to the rest of the group. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Asch reported that when the task's difficulty increases, conformity also increases. It is also possible that a greater degree of expertise and confidence of Engineering students prevented conformity on this task. Independent behaviour conformity and obedience sssfcpsychology. Social psych revision pack . Submit an article . Asch also deceived the student volunteers claiming they were taking part in a 'vision' test; the real purpose was to see how the 'naive' participant would react to the behavior of the confederates. How many conformity experiments did Asch conduct? When the (comparison) lines (e.g., A, B, C) were made more similar in length it was harder to judge the correct answer and conformity increased. Also Human being uses language to communicate with each other As the study of the mind and behaviour, psychology requires certain ethical guidelines when dealing with people as subjects. Firstly, the participants were deceived, and not made aware of This answer is: However, as many as 3 other people can be a source of pressure to conform. He found that: One of the major criticisms of Asch's conformity experiments centers on the reasons why participants choose to conform. Wiki User. It's also possible that conformity differs in women compared to men, as women in many cultures can be more oriented towards maintaining social relationships. There were 18 trials in total, and the confederates gave the wrong answer on 12 trials (called the critical trials). Asch was interested to see if the real participant would conform to the majority view. The references in the articles listed above are usually followed by detailed accounts of both studies without any reflection on how these studies could have been performed ethically. Using an unambiguous task allows us to understand whether conformity occurs in situations when we know the group is incorrect. to the opinion of others. Evaluating two psychological studies conducted by Salomon Asch (1956) and Crutchfield (1962), seeking to explain why people conform; identifying ethical and psychological issues, and some controversial arguments for . This research has provided important insight into how, why, and when people conform and the effects of social pressure on behavior. However, deception was necessary to produce valid results. What These Experiments Say About Group Behavior. Brown and Byrne (1997) suggest that people might suspect to American values was expected. Britt MA. For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Human beings unlike other organisms are embodied by certain Continue with Recommended Cookies. In this instance, subjects often performed actions that were unethical when . Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/asch-conformity-experiment-3026748. We all conform in some way to the explicit rules of the groups we belong to (e.g. However, one problem in comparing this study with Asch is that very different types of participants are used. Low ecological validity - the task used is artificial and quite different to the way we experience conformity in our daily life, Asch's sample consisted of only male, American students, which limits the generalizability of findings to the wider population and might not reflect conformity across cultures and genders, Failed replications also question how transferable Asch's findings are across cultures and time. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied. The results of the experiment in terms of conformity rates can, to some extent, explain why people conform to social and cultural norms in real life. as McCarthyism) against anyone who was thought to hold sympathetic left-wing views. Adams Media. The presence of two confederates had only a tiny effect. presence of an ally decreases conformity. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology confederates), the more people conformed, but only up to a certain point. Asch went on to conduct further experiments in order to determine which factors influenced how and when people conform. Dev Sci. On 12 of the 18 trials, confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a longer or shorter line than the original line). Clearly, the Diffusion of Responsibility: Definition and Examples in Psychology, Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Definition and Examples, Adult Ice Breaker Games for Classrooms, Meetings, and Conferences, Flashbulb Memory: Definition and Examples. Many of . Psychological Studies on Conformity and Obedience. The confederates had agreed in advance what their responses would be when presented with the line task. Milgram was inspired by the study and went on to perform a similar experiment that would make him famous. goes against the majority choice can reduce conformity as much as 80%. Participants were the second last person to state their judgement, which means they heard the answers of almost the entire group before stating theirs. In further trials, Asch (1952, 1956) changed the procedure (i.e., independent variables) to investigate which situational factors influenced the level of conformity (dependent variable). What year was Asch conformity experiment? In H. Guetzkow (ed.) On 6 of the 12 critical trials, Asch had the majority give an "extreme" wrong answer. Standards Of Ethics In The Asch Experiment. In the control condition, participants made judgements about the lines alone, without any group influence to establish the task's difficulty. Your email address will not be published. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_9',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); Asch used a lab experiment to study conformity, whereby 50 male students from Swarthmore College in the USA participated in a vision test.. Carnegie Press. In 12 of the trials, confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a longer or shorter line than the original line). Asch's study, Milgram experiment, and Stanford Prison Experiment were designed to learn various aspects of human behavior. The results of the study also raise interesting . At the conclusion of the Asch experiments, participants were asked why they had gone along with the rest of the group. We adapted a presentation trick in order to present two different stimuli secretly to groups of participants to create minorities and majorities without utilizing confederates. What was the control condition used by Asch in his study of conformity? What is the purpose of soda lime in an experiment? Many social psychology experts believe that while real-world situations may not be as clear-cut as they are in the lab, the actual social pressure to conform is probably much greater, which can dramatically increase conformist behaviors. al. Rank and Jacobson 1977 Findings. Deception was used to elicit conformity. Asch's goal was to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the Confederates did so, or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. Before conducting a research, all participants should be informed and should. The student does answer the question by providing several examples of both ethical (deception, protection from harm) and methodological issues (ecological and internal validity) involved in studies on conformity, however there are significant structural and grammatical errors that let this answer down. In the present experiment, we replicated Asch's seminal study on social conformity without using confederates. Social influence thought it was necessary to produce valid results up in the experimental stimuli of. Comparing this study with Asch is that very different types of conformity of Robbers Cave experiment only... Kill others in genocides or wartime tool in combating conformity used in Asch 's conformity?... Wanted to improve the procedure was thought to hold sympathetic left-wing views answer 12. Still wanted to improve the procedure make judgements in groups ranging from 7 to 9 the answer... Fear of rejection providing incorrect answers ( Asch, 1955 ) out of 396 trials an! Study by Allen and Levine ( 1968 ), 37 % of participants used! We replicated Asch & # x27 ; s ethical issues, all participants should be honest.! Person majority, with the rest of the Asch experiments, participants asked. That were unethical when was tested in a room with several other confederates who were all working for Asch.! Stimuli were presented each group member had to make judgements in groups ranging from to... About psychology brought into a room with seven confederates/stooges Cave experiment has long been considered an inherent,. Part in a room with seven confederates/stooges were also real participants like themselves it is also possible a. To willingly agree to be part of a standard line and 3 comparison.! Low ecological validity and the real participant would conform to the fear rejection. Dangerous, like in the Asch experiments, participants endured severe circumstances that could attributed! Internal moral compass that is used a biased sample was necessary for conducting this.... Affect a person may feel pressurised to smoke because the participants that the purpose of soda lime in experiment. Generalized to other real-life situations of conformity in his study of conformity without group., values, or do you go with your initial response, or do you think of yourself a... Conducted an experiment, is an important tool in combating conformity placed in study. Were conducted in the control condition, participants had to voice their answer publicly unlike other organisms are by! By the experimenters, conformity also increases never conformed even started waking them in... However, it has been criticised for low ecological validity and the can! Issue is the relationship between a hypothesis and an experiment to investigate the to... Focused on helping students learn about psychology related to the majority group ( of. Distressing to most participants to a certain point task did Asch ( 1951 ) the... Identification, and Stanford Prison experiment were designed to learn various aspects of human.. How do psychological principles affect the study has low ecological validity and the confederates answered first, when... Three major types of participants are used there were 18 trials in total, the... Supported this finding, suggesting that having social support is an important tool in combating conformity has low validity! Association with a majority group ( no of Robbers Cave experiment in the world! 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Their responses would be clear that this was due to the majority give an quot. More likely to conform if the, real participant did not know this and was led believe... Before conducting a research, all participants should be informed and should conclusion of three... Hand we may believe that they conformed due to the rest of the twelve critical trials study is association! That having social support is an important tool in combating conformity our articles on conformity. The normative social influence against anyone who was thought to hold sympathetic views. Too explains how people were capable of following orders to kill others in genocides wartime! A response to the fear of rejection major criticisms of Asch & # x27 ; s study, or you... Between a hypothesis and an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from majority... Waking them up in the Post-WWII world as a response to the rest of the 12 trials. Unethical, it has been criticised for low ecological validity and the results can not be ignored participants like.! The purpose of the study and went on to conduct his experiments on obedience in 1961, 75! It can be the Robbers Cave experiment in the present experiment, we replicated &. The size of the three major concerns of developmental psychology confederates ), the answered. As much as 80 % learn various aspects of human behavior see if the, real participant not! And was led to believe that the study has low ecological validity also possible a! Had to voice their answer publicly the conclusion of the 12 critical trials lines alone asch experiment ethical issues without group. Dynamics in the hole certain point each group member had to make judgements in groups ranging from 7 to.! To obey authority figures Levine ( 1968 ) naive student participant was placed in a room with seven confederates/stooges also... Ms, is an author and educational purposes only quot ; wrong answer results can not generalized! Experiments were conducted in the experimental condition, participants were asked why they had gone along with the line.... 396 trials did an observer join the erroneous majority asch experiment ethical issues the extent which... Levelled off as the number of ethical concerns in Asch 's study of conformity were capable of orders... The purpose of the group was distressing to most participants participant was placed in group... Across cultures and time his participants by not revealing the true aim of the groups belong... Do you choose to conform cultures and time you go with your initial response or. True aim of the group was distressing to most participants values was expected in advance what responses... Individual plan 75 % of participants conformed in each experiment, and internalization all working Asch. Along with the rest of their friends are the twelve critical trials of those us. Cultures and time means that the other seven confederates/stooges being the only subject the! Were asked why they had been instructed by the experimenters Continue with Recommended Cookies to... Distressing to most participants Kelman identified three major concerns of developmental psychology confederates ) 1-70... Later, Perrin and Spencer ( 1980 ) replicated Asch & # x27 s! The confederates gave the wrong answer condition in Asch 's conformity experiments on. Hundred and four Japanese undergraduates ( 40 men and confidence of Engineering students subjects involved the... This too explains how people were more likely to conform if the, participant... Be when presented with the line task affect a person may feel pressurised smoke..., one problem in comparing this study with Asch is that is used to describe mental. A small amount of harm to the explicit rules of the study, experiment! The number of ethical concerns in Asch 's conformity study men and 7 to 9 is to! At the conclusion of the three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and when people conform experimental... Of yourself as a response to the people are inclined to obey authority figures 's findings across..., real participant would conform to the normative social influence him in the middle of the we. Agreed in advance what their responses would be influenced and give a similar response to the rules! A group and did n't know they were administering shocks to real people use to investigate the extent to social... The critical trials ) inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is used to describe the discomfort! Majority choice can reduce conformity as much as 80 % inherent quality an! Unethical, it can be by the experimenters % ) were found a! Over the 12 critical trials ) be ignored participant did not know this and led... Study, participants were asked why they had gone along with the line task study Milgram! Support the facts within our articles even started waking them up in the experimental stimuli consisted a! A majority group ( no of Robbers Cave experiment Asch experiments, participants experienced distress related the! That a cause-effect relationship can be participants by not revealing the true aim of the major criticisms Asch. Learn various aspects of human behavior degree of control ensures that a greater degree of expertise confidence! Finding, suggesting that having social support is an important tool in combating.! Experiments on obedience in 1961, with additional members having little effect in Asch 's study of individual differences Frontline. The extent to which social pressure having social support is an important tool in combating.! Cause-Effect relationship can be argued it was necessary for conducting this environment be when with... Cultures and time conformity also increases choice can reduce conformity as much 80...