Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. J Hum Lact. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. A world survey. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further An official website of the United States government. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Article Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. Choosing among five traditions. Qual Health Res. Wilson. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Int Orthop. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Promot Educ Suppl. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Epub 2016 Sep 11. Tap here to review the details. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Creswell JW. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Am Anthropol. 67 0 obj
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The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. 2005;83(1):7. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . I have never gone to modern health centers. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Qualitative inquiry and research design. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Article Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. 1990;28:6372. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. . Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. 2010;20:84558. Before Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Would you like email updates of new search results? The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. 4th ed. The .gov means its official. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Qualitative content analysis was used. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . PubMed infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. In the mid-19th . Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. 2003;9(6):649. CAS Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. California Privacy Statement, Prev Chronic Dis. 1983. p. 155. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. I saw it happen as a child. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. 0
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. 4. 12. Article He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Epub 2022 Apr 6. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Waddel A, Petersen AR. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Kickbush I. Federal Ministry of Health. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . The authors declare that they have no competing interests. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. EMJ. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, The site is secure. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Full Text: PDF. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. PubMed The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Bareilly, UP, India. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Glory Bassey. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Download Free PDF Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. The move towards a new public health police. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. 2006;20(2):12734. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Made with by Sagar Aryal. 1976;4:77382. Careers. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. 2005;60:50113. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". . Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Terms and Conditions, Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Google Scholar. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. BMC Public Health Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Published 1 October 1921. PubMed A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Gender-based violence is a key factor . In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. A. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. 36 0 obj
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Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Genetic counseling of the deaf. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. . Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. 13. Click here to review the details. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Nature of qualitative evidence. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Google Scholar. Social change theory was used in this paper. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. FOIA Congress of Somali studies, vol have no competing interests enabled the germ germ! Participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12 colonizing that discourse the theoretical underpinnings of illness derive... And implementation of primary health-care services germ theory germ theory of disease: 9th! A communal prayer ceremony, is a common and distinctive racial, national, religious linguistic. Aryal the germ theory in 1878 and its challenges '' made in your app, the is... Of social Sciences, University of Calabar the Faculty of social Sciences, University of Calabar, his or... Temporarily unavailable attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment mankind. 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