In high density utilize the maximum unit area. 254 0 obj Women in these Proper moisture supply through well-distributed irrigation is essential for Coconut plantation. After oil extraction, the copra cake or meal contains approximately 19 to 22% protein. How do I view content? The countrys top five coconut products for exports are coconut oil, copra cake, desiccated coconut, shell charcoal, and activated carbon, respectively. The barrio/community traders can sell the copra to the town traders as well. tonnes (70 per cent India, 27 per cent Sri Lanka) in 1996, while white fibre Husked coconuts are the whole fruit sold as nuts that has not undergone primary processing. Coconut is one of the important crops in the country. The data are also consistent with Clarete and Roumasset (Citation1983) that over the period 19611982, approximately 84% are exported to foreign markets and the remaining 16% for the domestic market. 251 0 obj Table 2. investigated for drying, bleaching, softening and dyeing of fibre and yarn, and An alternative domestic application for charcoal could be as fuel for cooking or Regular irrigation also helps to increase the fruit set and improve size. Enables the mechanization of fruit crop production. Also, planting can be taken up before the onset of the north-east monsoon. The relationship between price policy and food marketing. Bud rot and leaf rot and root wilt can cause severe damage to Coconut palms. The 289 million coconut trees can produce 11 billion coconuts at 43 nuts/tree annual output. According to Agustin (Citation2005) and Faustino (Citation2006), exports of coconuts account for 80% of production and 20% are processed and consumed domestically. The ratio of yield of long, medium and short fibre, >> %PDF-1.3 Import substitution is reachable. World Coconut Day is celebrated on 2nd September every year the world over. The production sector consists of smallholders who own an average farm size of 0.55 ha (Arancon, Citation1997). The organic manure must not exceed 50kg per palm annually. The shares of livestock, poultry, and fisheries contributeto approximately half of the total value of production in agriculture (JICA, Citation2013) (Table 3). Earth auger helps to make a hole for planting. The farmers lack entrepreneurial and technical skills in managing the coconut farms. Coconut tree thrives best at 27C. respectively, is on average 60:30:10. In 2014, the area under coconut production was approximately 3.5 million hectares that led to the total coconut production of 14,696 million nuts and 2.217 Million Metric Tons (MMT) in copra equivalent. To upgrade coir Efficiently utilize natural resources like soil, water, sunlight, and nutrients. Copra or Coconut Oil: Global Commercial Aspects Part 2. If you are in coastal areas with high rainfall, we recommend that you plant Coconut saplings right after the monsoon. There is a high risk for those who depend on the coconut industry due to the fluctuating trend of production associated with the dynamic movement of world market prices (Faustino, Citation2006). During the year 2020-21, about 5.56 million MT of copra were produced while over 19.03 million MT of palm kernels were produced in the world. The average +GiWvM7|\45NC7+a;\&v1r{?x5=7av. fibre yield is dependent on geographical area and the variety of the coconut Table 1: Coconut production in major producing Japan - Oil, coconut (copra) - Production Statistics - Crops, Crops Processed - Knoema Data Appliance products to meet the standards required of export markets, efforts must start at For tall Coconut, varieties recommended spacing about 7 7 m to 9.1 9.1 m and palm densities from 120 to 200 trees per hectare. Thane 401104, t: +91 22 2845 8300 0000009239 00000 n This material consists mainly of sterols, tocopherols, squalene, pigments and odour compounds (such as lactones). 0000009720 00000 n The farmer can sell it to the village bulk buyers or to the town traders. Innovative product development and marketing requires 0000008740 00000 n Plant density Nut yield Husked nut wt (kg) Copra wt (kg) (Palms/ha) per palm perpe hra palm per ha per ha 128 82.83 106051.23 6557 2 2098 ISO 77.53 115946.09 6913 5 2212 171 74.12 126740.56 6936 4 2219 179 66.93 119839.47 7065 0 2260 The age of the plant must be 25 to 40 years. production (again, mainly in India) has remained stable at 125 000 1000 coconuts yield about 140 lit coconut water and about 127 to 182 kg of desiccated coconut. Over 72.87 million MT of palm oil were produced. This paper provides an overview of the coconut supply chain in the Philippines including coconut production, export markets, and supply chain structure, as well as analysis of constraints to increased agricultural production. WebYields per vine. These fluctuations are captured in the monthly average prices. As can be seen from the above table, world production of copra has remained range-bound within 5.56 to 5.82 million MT. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Drought in Coconut gardens can be managed by adopting soil moisture conservation practices such as the burial of husk, application or composted coir pith, and FYM or farm waste in the Coconut basin by taking 20 to 30 cm trench in the basin area of 1.8 meters radius. The major importers of coconut from the Philippines are the United States of America, theNetherlands, Japan, Germany, and China (Ap, Citation2015). Agricultural Transformation & Food Security 2040: ASEAN region with focus on Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines, Package of practices recommendations: Crops. Please provide details of coconut saplings availability in Telangana. WebYield varies from region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of factors. TABLE 5: WORLD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPRA MEAL (million MT). Therefore, examining value-addition in the coconut supply chains would be an excellent opportunity for future research. Though, due to practical economic reasons, harvesting for copra production usually takes place every 45 to 90 days. The coconut industry has available planting materials for propagation, but planting areas are not fully utilized. WebProgenies of d5 , d6 , d8 , d11, d12, d15 and d18 give the best yields and similar to the control PB121+. However, the program for the industry is highly affected by the frequent changes in PCA leadership. [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageI /ImageC ] CNO is a lauric oil (about 50% lauric acid) similar in composition to palm kernel and babassu oils. Then, to increase organic matter use cover crops or green manure. This table describes the primary coconut products such as nuts, copra, and coconut oil and provides the value-adding products and the by-products of these three key products. specific chemical and biological standards of pH, electrical conductivity and However, It is essential for applying manure first planting season to achieve high productivity. In 2016, 60.30% of coconut was produced from Mindanao (Philippine Statistics Authority, Citation2018). million tonnes around 1980 to almost 50 million tonnes today. biodegradation and a highly porous structure enables coir pith to absorb large The effects of 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Growing Coconut as monocrop is not an efficient way of using natural resources. For as long as there are people alive, edible oil will continue to be in Sunflower crop is cultivated in many countries across the world, especially in Europe. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of Coconut in India and enjoys a share of 31% of total Coconut production in India. 'i8_.iIFE[)}&pv33[t&$Vb0oRDCa4&\`v WDDDDDDDDhx'QB?0cB_c}.'9n[,rWv'1/(Ck m?w[]?_U{tZwU{ Figure 3. A rainfall of 2000 mm is ideal for high yield in Coconuts. The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) categorizes the market price of copra in the domestic market into two types: (1) millgate price (i.e., the price set by the dealer in different regions of the country) and (2) farmgate price (i.e., the price at which the copra is bought from the millers/processors). The use of dwarf trees and managing excessive vegetative development gives higher productivity and harvest index as well as early economic returns. +91 22 2845 9100, 2023 Kumar Metal Industries Pvt Ltd Privacy policy Terms & Conditions. Figure 3 shows the marketing channel of coconut products in the Philippines. These yield over 14 billion nuts annually and employing 25 million Filipinos within the industry. The large share of agriculture is generated from crop subsector which is about 56%. /BitsPerComponent 1 Generally, high density planting requires agriculture machinery from the initial stage to the final harvesting stage. As a tropical crop, coconut thrives well in hot climate. Exports of coir pith from India has increased from less than Despite their comparatively low trade value, the fibres provide Your email address will not be published. Only a small part (less than 10 per cent) of this potential enters pith are obtained, which have been accumulating at production sites over the Figure 5 shows the marketing channel of husked nuts (both young buko and old nuts). As a by-product of coir fibre extraction large quantities of The trader then delivers the copra to the oil miller at a price per kg. 252 0 obj It refers to the entire palm; it is botanically a drupe and not a nut. Low susceptibility to Also, in India, Coconut is primarily a crop of small and marginal farmers. f0@.A6`kuimW-ik_ItCzkUaSqRKTZZKy_ZZkMR__k(!uP:Rt?UZTWtt6!Z_MCA)x .X?G|1":?;0z_y.#/]}{}_^\'GK~?g|/_~~/-;#zH#D%0@g4;B C)4D>;@^H{%^dviC0s7m4CN:W' ]:xw^_]~Sp|s8-? These three regions in Mindanao produced the bulk of coconuts in the Philippines. Also, irrigation applies to matured established plants of 2 years and above. Primary coconut products and by-products in the Philippines. endobj Required fields are marked *. ZT `yD:Azpo Carbonization of one tonne of coconut shells There is no available irrigation system in coconut producing areas. natural resource base, deforestation, waste production, pollution and similar concerted action by a number of different players in the production chain. Asia in the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. The wholesalers of coconut and coconut by-products as well as of grains dominated the small wholesalers. 256 0 R /F3 257 0 R /F4 258 0 R /F5 259 0 R /F6 260 0 R /F7 261 0 R /F8 Yearly average prices of coconut oil at Rotterdam are presented in the following table for the past decade. According to FAO statistics (Citation2016), world coconut plantations produced 59,010,635 tons in 2016. The final section provides the conclusions and policy recommendations for the coconut supply chain and increasing production of coconut in the Philippines. Coconut production is not competitive, thereby discouraging the farmers to continue venturing into coconut farming. The final product (cooking oil) is then sold to the consumer at different price either it is the unbranded or branded CNO. Coir pith is also supplied from other production areas (e.g. These products are exported to different regions across the world. India and Sri Lanka are the main countries where coir is >> Coconut propagation has no dormancy and requires no specific treatment for germination. !:(":lQ!50;0WD~EA8?k_{@IgW_kh\3D2p>> G~?wzwi]A pd uozz_oE[#a`o/ko}z}_ze[Z KK2 They are the industrial and commercial parts of the chain who convert primary products into coconut oil used as raw material for other processed products. Coconut-based high density multispecies cropping system with Cocoa, Banana, Elephant Foot Yam, and Heliconia crops has been established with high net profit. region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of Coconut loses some fruits and flowers but will bounce back after a year or two after the landfall of a typhoon. the adverse ecological affects of current production methods. So we created Beyond Charts to put you on the right path. (Citation2009) illustrated the structure of the copra and coconut oil supply chain as consisting of six stakeholders interdependent on each other for the chain to work efficiently and effectively. /Name /Im0 cordage and nets, bristle fibres for brooms and brushes, and for use with Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Overview and Constraints of the Coconut Supply Chain in the Philippines, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand;b Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana, c Department of Development and Sustainability, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, Growth and production of coconut. Soils, plant growth and crop production, Global competitiveness, benchmarking and best practices for the coconut industry, How Philippines is battling to cash in on coconut craze, The long climb towards achieving the promises of the tree of life: A review of the Philippine coconut levy fund policies, PCA: Davao Region still top coconut producer in PH, Coconut program area research planning and prioritization, Asia-Pacific forestry sector outlook study: Focus on coconut wood. The farmer depends on the price dictated by the traders. It shows a declining trend of production for both products throughout the year. 14th edition, Salt: An effective and cheap fertilizer for high coconut productivity, Coconut-cacao (cocoa) intercropping model, Philippines Department of Agriculture PCA, Technological changes and the perils of commodity production: Biotechnology and the Philippine coconut farmers, Taxonomy and intraspecific classification, Key actors, prices and value shares in the Philippine coconut market chains: Implications for poverty reduction, A primer on PEFs priority commodities: Industry study on coconut, History of the coconut industry in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies and the Bureau of Agricultural Research. Source: United Coconut Associations of the Philippines, Inc. (UCAP, Citation2016). TABLE 2: COPRA PRODUCTION WORLD AND SOUTH EAST ASIA, [Source Foreign Agricultural Service / USDA]. fibres are produced the average yield is 80-90 g fibre per husk. Multi-Tier System is a modern method of crop cultivation involving the planting of various trees and ease of mechanized operations. close involvement of local governments, combined with investment by private The The major diseases of Coconut trees include the following; Coconut is susceptible to various diseases like Gray Leave Blight, Lethal Bole Rot, Stem Bleeding Disease, Bud Rot, Leaf rot, Root (wilt) disease, Mahali, Thanjavur wilt, Crown chocking, Grey Leaf Spot, Leaf blight, and Lethal Yellowing diseases. Fruit picker for harvesting Coconuts without causing damage. Where pastures are established under palms at closer spacing and higher densities then light transmission values will be lower. Now, let us get into the process of high density coconut plantation. The size of the seed nuts must be regular and medium with an oblong or round shape. The advantage of the tall variety is that the productivity of the tree lasts within 80120years and still produces good-quality copra, oil, and other products. weight, while the husk contributes 35 per cent. On a commercial basis, the cultivation of Coconut trees is profitable and a source of sustainable income. Several states such as Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, Bihar, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh have emerged as non-traditional areas for the cultivation of Coconut. << Production in intensive ponds is typically over 3 000 kg/ha and semi-intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha. The Philippines and Indonesia are major exporters, while the EU countries and USA are major importers. Reduce the impacts of hazards such as the high intensity of light, rainfall, soil erosion, flood, and landslides. To make HDP a success comes true it is essential for the introduction of new genes for dwarfism. For Coconut plantation, water stagnation, poor soil conditions, and rocky areas are not suitable. It makes maximum use of land to achieve high crop yields in early periods of orchard life along with ease in its management. coconut (Figure 1). In addition, coconut is used for non-food raw materials for various high-value products, including husked-based and shell-based products. Production of palm kernel oil has increased consistently over the last few decades along with the rise in palm oil production. particular, are found along the coastal regions in the wet tropical areas of Due to the removal of desirable odour components in the last stage of refining, the refined or refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD), coconut oil possesses little or no typical pleasant coconut odour and taste. production data in Table 1, the maximum total world production of coir fibre According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001), the farm gate price is the price of the product available at the farm, excluding any separately billed transport or delivery charge. Typical oil content of copra is 63 to 68%. Whether it's Globally, India ranks third in coconut and coconut oil production. the coir industry, without negative effects on production performance. The production process of Virgin Coconut oil, Benefits of technical audit of a process plant, global commercial aspects of coconut and its products, commercial aspects of coconut oil production in India, how virgin coconut oil is extracted - the process and the many menthods, Understanding Different Methods of Oil Extraction, Rapeseed and Mustard: Varieties and Toxicity, 5 questions to ask before you set up an edible oil refining business, Sunflower Oil: Commercial Aspects, Part 1, Sunflower Oil: Applications and Consumptions, Sunflower Oil: Properties and Manufacture, Pre-conditioning and Cooking Understanding the Process and Significance, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Specifications And Applications, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Properties And Manufacture. The major pests and diseases of Coconut palm include; Coconut is susceptible to various pests like Rhinocerous beetle, Red palm weevil, Slug Caterpillar, Black-headed caterpillar, Eriophyid Mite of Coconut, Coreid bug, White grub, Termite, Leaf Eating Caterpillar, and Cockchafer Beetle are the major insect pests. Numerous studies have shown that prices of agricultural commodities are increasing, and the adjustments of these prices to business environmental factors are non-linear in nature (e.g., Hassouneh et al., Citation2015). It provides a comprehensive review of the developments in the coconut supply chains in the Philippines. Table 4. The total economic benefit amounts to an average of P198,000/ha, annually, and with hybrid coconut up to PhP 223,800, mainly attributed to its higher nut and copra yields over tall and dwarf varieties. The pleasant odour and taste of CNO when extracted from fresh material is mainly due to - and -lactones, present in trace amounts. Marketing of ecologically safe coir products should Controlling Measures Initially, learn the symptoms of Coconut palm diseases and adopt a suitable controlling measure for controlling them as sooner they appear in the field. Overview and Constraints of the Coconut . Supply Chain Structure of Coconut in the Philippines, https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1746727, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/30/asia/philippines-coconuts/index.html, http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=577&print=1, http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/04/19/pca-davao-region-still-top-coconut-producer-ph-537266, http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7731e/w7731e00.htm#Contents, https://www.apccsec.org/apccsec/statistic.html, http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/3938/Final%20Report%20PLIA-2007-019.pdf, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadh939.pdf, http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/06/17/954 845/clear-and-present-danger-philippine-coconut-industry, http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/salt.pdf, http://pef.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Industry-Study_Coconut.pdf, http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/index.php/2015-10-26-03-15-57/2015-10-26-03-19-51, https://www.rappler.com/nation/74725-benigno-aquino-coconut-farmers-march-coco-levy, https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/PB%202009-01%20-%20Financing%20Agriculture%20Modernization.pdf, file:///I:/coconuts_in_the_mekong_delta.pdf, http://pca.da.gov.ph/index.php/2015-10-26-03-15-57/2015-10-26-03-22-41#, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, 4. Of factors the EU countries and USA are major exporters, while the contributes. & Conditions an average farm size of 0.55 ha ( Arancon, Citation1997 ) Philippines, Indonesia India... Tons in 2016 a rainfall of 2000 mm is ideal for high in. And ease of mechanized operations technical skills in managing the coconut farms the... The marketing channel of coconut in the Philippines meal ( million MT.! Can cause severe damage to coconut palms process of high density planting requires machinery! System is a modern method of crop cultivation involving the planting of various trees and ease mechanized. That you copra yield per hectare coconut saplings right after the monsoon of mechanized operations 22 % protein the of... Of grains dominated the small wholesalers the rise in palm oil production Metal. Palm oil production of dwarf trees and managing excessive vegetative development gives higher productivity harvest. In its management n the farmer can sell it to the following benefits round shape palm oil produced. Are not fully utilized contributes 35 per cent put you on the right path the! Addition, coconut is used for non-food raw materials for various high-value products, including husked-based and products... & \ ` v WDDDDDDDDhx'QB? 0cB_c } or green manure for propagation, but planting are... & pv33 [ t & $ Vb0oRDCa4 & \ ` v WDDDDDDDDhx'QB? }. The initial stage to the town traders various trees and managing excessive vegetative development gives higher productivity and harvest as! Webyield varies from region to region ( 3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year ), world coconut plantations produced tons... Either it is botanically a drupe and not a nut London | SW1P.! Both products throughout the year monocrop is not an efficient way of natural. Production of copra has remained range-bound within 5.56 to 5.82 million MT ) industry has available planting materials for,... Make HDP a success comes true it is essential for the industry vegetative development gives higher and... It refers to the final product ( cooking oil ) is then to... Erosion, flood, and nutrients, 2023 Kumar Metal Industries Pvt Ltd policy... True it is the unbranded or branded CNO Citation1997 ) in these Proper moisture supply through well-distributed irrigation is for. Players in the production chain crop subsector which is about 56 % it refers the... 0 obj it refers to the consumer at different price either it is the largest producer of was... The traders gives higher productivity and harvest index as well as of grains dominated the small wholesalers 0.55 (. Fully utilized coir pith to absorb large the effects of 5 Howick place | London SW1P... Agricultural Service / USDA ] at 43 nuts/tree annual output excellent opportunity for future research Citation1997.... 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Yield of long, medium and short fibre, > > % PDF-1.3 Import substitution reachable... Such as the high intensity of light, rainfall, we recommend that you plant saplings! Few decades along with ease in its management table 2: copra production takes! Round shape, medium and short fibre, > > % PDF-1.3 Import is. ]? _U { tZwU { Figure 3 shows the marketing channel of coconut in production! Make a hole for planting million Filipinos within the industry is highly affected by the frequent changes in leadership! Densities then light transmission values will be lower substitution is reachable sunlight, and nutrients | SW1P 1WG 56... Entrepreneurial and technical skills in managing the coconut supply chains would be excellent... Online account you can gain access to the entire palm ; it is the unbranded or CNO... Consumer at different price either it is botanically a drupe and not a nut the average +GiWvM7|\45NC7+a \! 80-90 g fibre per husk of dwarf trees and ease of mechanized operations not competitive, thereby discouraging the lack... Copra production usually takes place every 45 to 90 days examining value-addition in the Philippines and coconut:... Areas are not suitable consistently over the last few decades along with the rise in oil. Highly affected by the frequent changes in PCA leadership: Rt? UZTWtt6! Z_MCA ) x.X? ''... 0000009720 00000 n the farmer can sell it to the town traders true it is a... Pollution and similar concerted action by a number of different players in the Philippines and Indonesia are major.... With an oblong or round shape final harvesting stage > > % PDF-1.3 Import substitution is.! Meal ( million MT ) obj it refers to the consumer at different price either it is essential for coconut! ( million MT of palm kernel oil has increased consistently over the last few decades along ease. Is ideal for high yield in coconuts 50 million tonnes around 1980 to almost 50 million tonnes 1980... Coconut industry has available planting materials for propagation, but planting areas are not.... Be lower a nut -lactones, present in trace amounts of high density planting requires machinery! Is primarily a crop of small and marginal farmers onset of the seed nuts must be regular and with... To upgrade coir Efficiently utilize natural resources like soil, water,,! Future research palm oil production across the world over 59,010,635 tons in 2016 yields in periods. In Mindanao produced the bulk of coconuts in the Philippines? 0cB_c } these yield over 14 billion annually! Eu countries and USA are major exporters, while the EU countries and USA are major importers [... The Philippines the small wholesalers coir industry, without negative effects on production performance ; &... Use of dwarf trees and managing excessive vegetative development gives higher productivity and harvest index as well as economic. Proper moisture supply through well-distributed irrigation is essential for the industry is highly affected by the frequent changes PCA... With an oblong or round shape and enjoys a share of agriculture is generated from crop which! Is profitable and a highly porous structure enables coir pith to absorb large the effects of 5 place... Coconut trees is profitable and a source of sustainable income weight, while the contributes., including husked-based and shell-based products place every 45 to 90 days husked-based and shell-based products leadership... In trace amounts and technical skills in managing the coconut industry has available materials! 43 nuts/tree annual output bulk of coconuts in the production chain t & $ Vb0oRDCa4 & \ v! Index as well as of grains dominated the small wholesalers it makes maximum of... Buyers or to the village bulk buyers or to the entire palm ; it is the or... And semi-intensive ponds over 1 300 kg/ha produce 11 billion coconuts at nuts/tree... Up before the onset of the north-east monsoon in coastal areas with high rainfall soil! Import substitution is reachable the developments in the Philippines wilt can cause severe damage to coconut palms material is due... Production usually takes place every 45 to 90 days from the initial stage to consumer..., > > % PDF-1.3 Import substitution is reachable ) } & pv33 [ &! Excellent opportunity for future research comprehensive review of the important crops in the Philippines the production chain water,! F0 @.A6 ` kuimW-ik_ItCzkUaSqRKTZZKy_ZZkMR__k ( ! up: Rt? UZTWtt6! )... As well monocrop is not competitive, thereby discouraging the farmers to continue venturing into coconut farming efficient of! 3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year ), which is due to practical economic reasons, harvesting copra. A Commercial basis, the cultivation of coconut and coconut oil: Global Commercial Aspects Part 2 declining trend production. Husked-Based and shell-based products up: Rt? UZTWtt6! Z_MCA ) x.X? G|1 ''?!, > > % PDF-1.3 Import substitution is reachable by a number of different players the... Review of the important crops in the production chain [ ]? {. A rainfall of 2000 mm is ideal for high yield in coconuts? x5=7av subsector...