But after the death of Joshua, another generation grew up after them, who did not know the LORD or the work that he had done for Israel (Judges 2:10). 1200 bce) was mainly one of Egyptian dominance in Canaan, although their power there was contested by the Hittites of Anatolia. 18, No. Two passages represent the entire case for ritual sex, and all other biblical texts alleged to refer to sexual rites depend on these two passages: Deuteronomy 23:18 and Genesis 38:2122. It is not appropriate here to discuss all the gods and goddesses of the Greco-Roman pantheon; however, a few of them were significant in the first century, and some are even mentioned by name in the Bible. Vriezen, KJH, 2001, Archaeological Traces of Cult in Ancient Israel, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel, and KJH Vriezen, Only One God? These criteria necessarily rest on the values established by the academic community, as explained by Noll (2001a, pp. In the second rank were the cosmic gods, who ruled aspects of the natural realm such as the storms that fertilized the land, the lights in the sky, the endlessly chaotic sea, the vast earth, and the eternal underworld. The religion of the Bible is distinctive from all other Canaanite religions in one sense: it survived to become a stone in the foundation of a more complex religion, rabbinic Judaism, while other Canaanite religions gradually faded away (Noll 2001a, pp. According to one version of the myth, Baal was not Els first choice for divine king, but when Baal proved his mettle by defeating Els beloved son, the god Yamm, El rewarded Baals bid for power (KTU 1.11.4). In some cases, the king was also a priest, such as Tabnit, king of Sidon, who was priest of the goddess Astarte (Pritchard 1969a, p. 662). >> Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. Many historians have hypothesized that women (and sometimes men) were employed at temples to perform sacred prostitution with worshipers as a way to induce the gods to have sex with one another and thus to fertilize the natural world (Albright 1940; Bright 2000). It is said that Jeremiah himself was from a village named for a goddess, Anathoth (literally Anats, a plural form; see Jeremiah 1:1). An intense battle began for the minds and hearts of God's people. In a largely illiterate, agricultural society bound to family and tradition, veneration of ones ancestors was no mere formality. In modern Tunisia, Sicily, and Sardinia, archaeologists have found evidence for another kind of human sacrifice: mass graves of young children, and a stela that depicts a priest offering an infant before a deity (J. Canaan, area variously defined in historical and biblical literature, but always centred on Palestine. It is interesting to note that the Bibles god is called Yahweh Sabaoth (Yahweh of the [divine] armies; e.g., 1 Samuel 4:4); at Ugarit, Resheph bore this title, Resheph Sabai (Resheph of the [divine] Army; KTU 1.91). Any communities in the region known now as southwestern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, western Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority might be designated Canaanite by an ancient scribe (Tammuz 2001). A brief look at biblical Deuteronomy illustrates this methodological approach. This divine army, or heavenly host, was associated with the stars of the night sky (e.g., Isaiah 34:4; Job 38:7; Luke 2:1314). Other Gods of the Second Tier Their religious practices did not reflect the holiness God demanded from his people. In spite of her relationship to El, Asherah appears to have enjoyed an independent career. Any investigation of religion, regardless of historical period or geographic focus, requires attention to questions of research method. /Type /Page When he propositions her, he agrees to send payment later. Noll, KL, 2001b, The Kaleidoscopic Nature of Divine Personality in the Hebrew Bible, Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, vol. On occasion, this divine patronage was more complex. His servant asks the local villagers for the Qedeshah, not the prostitute. Archaeological excavations have exposed Canaanite household religious shrines, personal religious artifacts such as amulets, rural religious shrines, large urban temples with public altars, ritual utensils and divine statues, as well as documents. The worship practices of his followers were no different. In one passage, Anat is described butchering soldiers on the battlefield and adorning herself with their body parts: She hung heads on her back; ANCIENT SOURCES. The beginning student is especially encouraged to consult two bibliographical sections at the conclusion of this article: Ancient texts in English translation and Reference works., RESEARCH METHODS. 113). I have published more than 200 articles and book reviews in English, Spanish, and Russian. For example, the writer of Judges says that Zebulun did not drive out the Canaanites living in Kitron or Nahalol, so these Canaanites lived among them(Judges 1:30). The reader is encouraged to refine, modify, or abandon the hypothesis as his or her own research develops. 2623). 20715, 2658). Human sacrifice took place in Canaanite religion on certain occasions. 1924. Just as people in modern society vary in the degree to which they commit themselves to a religious life, so also there were people in the ancient world whose lives might seem, to a modern observer, remarkably secular. Van Seters 1999). Links with supplement, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. In Canaan and beyond, royal monuments attest to the piety of kings who are the beloved ones of their gods. He seems to remain the power behind the divine patrons power and to rule by the strength of his personality. Much of our knowledge of the origins and character of these fertility cults remains tentative and widely debated. Sebagai situs slot online terpercaya di Indonesia, kami akan memberikan informasi penting kepada semua pemain mengenai 8 daftar situs slot online gacor dengan jackpot terbesar. 49, pp. Dibangun di tahun 2015, perusahaan ini sudah berkembang jadi team sejumlah 200 pegawai yang kuat dengan beberapa kantor yang berbasiskan di Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan Asia. This constellation of attributes is not meant to be a definition cast in stone but is best treated as a working hypothesis that enhances ones ability to perceive (Noll 2001a, p. 57 note 3). Provider judi slot online satu ini memiliki keuntungan dan memiliki banyak variasi video game menarik dan game slot online yang disediakan memiliki kemudahan tinggi pastinya akan sangat mudah untuk menjadi pemenang dari provider slot online microgaming. Yet, in spite of much textual evidence (and a major temple dedicated to him in each of several cities), there is little by way of myth to illuminate us about him. Hanya tersedia pada agen slot online terpercaya di Indonesia, anda diberikan berbagai keuntungan paling menarik yang bisa anda dapatkan dengan mudah. At an Iron Age Philistine city called Ekron, west of Jerusalem, storage jars in the sacred precinct are designated for Asherah and holy according to the statute of Qudshu. Apparently, a temple inscription gives Asherah-Qudshu an additional personal name and prays that she will bless and protect both the king of Ekron and his land (Gitin, Dothan & Naveh 1997). Since the Philistines were not a people native to Canaan, it is possible that they adopted Dagon as their god after they conquered the Canaanites. Fear not! Nevertheless, in a few parts of Iron Age Canaan, El continued to be significant. What we do know reveals dark, seductive practices that continued to entice the people God had chosen to be his witnesses.THE ORIGINS OF JUDAISM. There were other second-tier gods, and space does not permit a discussion of each. Although patron gods routinely used foreign armies to punish the sins of their own people, at the end of the day, a divine patrons loyalties were never in doubt. Slot Online Playtech 4760. From time to time it subverted the essential monotheism of the Israelites after they occupied Canaan, the Promised Land of the Old Testament. Two additional second-tier gods ruled the sun and the moon. The Bible describes the dead prophet Samuel as a god in 1 Samuel 28:13. WebThe inhabitants of Canaan were never ethnically or politically unified as a single nation. Gitin, S & Cogan, M, 1999, A New Type of Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. (G. I. Davies 1991, p. 82; cf. The etymology of the word Canaan is entirely uncertain and not particularly useful to this question (Tammuz 2001, p. 532). Updates? 10811). Braun, W & McCutcheon, RT, eds., 2000, Guide to the Study of Religion, Cassell, London. Semitic peoples first appeared in Canaan during this period. 192210). Religion Department 3:6,13; Ezek. Ancient texts in english translation (recommended for beginning students) According to that book, the shunning of Canaanite influence reached deeply into Israelite society. In other cases, rituals mentioned in the texts are too obscure to say much about them. Scholars frequently claim that the biblical god has nothing to do with the dead, but that is not quite accurate. It took the Assyrian destruction of Israel and the Babylonian Captivity of Judah to convince the Israelites that there is only one omnipotent God. Hanya bermodalkan 10 ribu rupiah saja para pemain sudah bisa memenangkan game slot online yang dipilih. Baal is portrayed as a man with the head and horns of a bull, an image similar to that in biblical accounts. 14954). ), Ugarit, Religion and Culture: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ugarit, Religion and Culture, Edinburgh, July 1994; Essays Presented in Honour of John C. L. Gibson, pp. Fried, LE, 2002, The High Places (bamot) and the Reforms of Hezekiah and Josiah: An Archaeological Investigation, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The goddesses of Canaan present perhaps the most complex cases of fusion and fission. El is an elderly god who delegates the role of divine patron to an underling, the mighty storm god Baal. An example of biblical polemic against false Canaanite religion illustrates the point. 76772. The earliest deity recognized by the peoples of the ancient Near East was the creator god El. Greenstein, EL, 1999, The God of Israel and the Gods of Canaan: How Different Were They? in R. Margolin, Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, July 29August 5, 1997, Division A: The Bible and its World, pp. 50143. Paying taxes was just one of the reasons for sacrifice to the gods. The Israelites occupied and conquered Palestine, or Canaan, beginning in the late 2nd millennium bce, or perhaps earlier; and the Bible justifies such occupation by identifying Canaan with the Promised Land, the land promised to the Israelites by God. 1. As a result, many Canaanite religious practices were assimilated into Israelite religious life. Ugarit seems to have been the domain of the high god El, sometimes called Bull El (e.g., KTU 1.2.iii.21; 1.4.iii.31), who created the cosmos and oversees his creation with wisdom and benevolence. The human habitation of coastal Canaan can be traced back to Paleolithic and Mesolithic times, and excavations have revealed that a settled community and an agricultural way of life existed at the site of Jericho by 8,000 bce. The references to the Asherah poles appear in Judges 3:7; 6:25-26, 28, 30. Asherah was worshiped in various ways, including through ritual sex. The Canaanites worked hard to survive on a land that was not easily domesticated. Margalith 1990), designating the bearer of the name as one who affirms the Canaanite god El, as in Genesis 33:20. Temples functioned quite literally as the god's house, where the god resided in the form of a cult statue. This overlap suggests a commonality of religious culture from Bronze to Iron Ages throughout the land of Canaan. Links First, it categorically denounces infant sacrifice to the god Molek in Leviticus 20:25 and elsewhere. These rites, described in Leviticus 23 and elsewhere, were given religious meaning by relating the rituals to the legend of Moses and the exodus from Egypt, but their agricultural foundation is evident (Noll 2001a, pp. Noll, KL, 2001a, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction, Sheffield Academic Press, London. Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, became the namesake for the place of the dead and even for hell itself. WebBecause they WERE Canaanites and they had practiced monolatrist traditions within the Ancient Canaanite Religion since the 20th century BC. 25973, Ugarit-Verlag, Muenster. Ancient writers seldom designated their own communities Canaanite (Lemche 1991, 1996, 1998a). This type of offering represented food for the god, but it was also a thanksgiving for blessings. Noll, KL, 1999, Is There a Text in This Tradition? 12750, Biblical Seminar 77, Sheffield Academic Press, London. Usually a god presided over the feast and received a wine offering, but this formal gesture was the only religious element in the event (Pardee 2002, pp. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 81126. van der Toorn 1994, pp. Goren, Y, Finkelstein, I & Naaman, N, 2003, The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru according to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets, Bulletin for the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Baal/Hadad/Adad Household gods were Teraphim. Prophets often speak of idolatry as prostitution, but their graphic sexual language is metaphorical (e.g., Jeremiah 3:25; Hosea 4:14), as is their preference for an image of divine sexual abuse (Nahum 3:56). Smith, JZ, 1990, Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities and the Religions of Late Antiquity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Provider judi slot satu ini memiliki RTP winrate cukup tinggi, yang membuat banyak sekali peminatnya di Indonesia hingga Asia. This led many interpreters to conclude that a Qadesh and a Qedeshah were temple prostitutes. the Ugaritic tax receipt for Baal, KTU 4.728). In another place the Bible says that manna was like coriander seed, and its color was like the color of gum resin. The priestess or a female members of the community represented Asherah. Dagon was a Canaanite god associated with grain. Fleming, DE, 1992, The Installation of Baals High Priestess at Emar: A Window on Ancient Syrian Religion, Scholars Press, Atlanta. However, in this writers view, Zevits analysis relies almost entirely on subtle distinctions he believes he can discern in the material cultural remains while ignoring larger and relatively obvious ideological uniformity in the ancient sources (Zevit 2001, pp. ), Only One God? Slot Online Pragmatic Play 1314). Naaman, N, 1999, Four Notes on the Size of Late Bronze Canaan, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. WebCanaan were always tolerant of other gods they were in a sense, their own relatives! 5780). King, PJ & Stager, LE, 2001, Life in Biblical Israel, Westminster John Knox, Louisville, KY. 28, pp. /Contents 5 0 R Also, the myths of Ugarit seem unrelated to these lists of gods. Bloch-Smith, E & Nakhai, BA, 1999, A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron I Period, Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. He now teaches at Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada. For instance, the NRSV translates Judges 3:7 as follows: The Israelites did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, forgetting the LORD their God, and worshiping the Baals and the Asherahs.. Pitard, WT, 1987, Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN. Dijkstra, M, 2001c, Women and Religion in the Old Testament, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel and KJH Vriezen, Only One God? The Canaanites attributed this fertility to their god Baal,and that is where the Israelites problems began. 585602. Almost all domestic animals were slaughtered at a temple by priests as part of a religious ritual. Hadley, JM, 2000, The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah, Cambridge University Press, New York. The biblical prohibition exists because some Israelites were happy to include Asherah in their worship. Frequently, a patron god sent a human messenger called a prophet to warn the king and his noblemen, and sometimes the people as well, of their holy obligations. 6556). We have no idea what this rite was intended to accomplish. 18190. It is interesting to note that the label son of Anat was an honorific title coveted by warriors. 6, pp. When Joshua led the people across the Jordan River into Canaan, he was fulfilling this promise. (Judges 2:10-13). 48, pp. WebAfter Israel's conquest of Canaan one of the greatest dangers to the covenant made with yahweh at Mount sinai was the widespread practice of vegetation and fertility cults by the 115124, Fortress, Philadelphia. All these data from Ekron suggest that this city honored a divine pair, Baal and Asherah (perhaps a city god and his personified holy place? Canaan was situated at the crossroads of several cultures, and throughout its recorded history its art and literature illustrate a mixture of many elements: Egyptian, Mycenaean, Cretan, Hurrian, and Mesopotamian. Links In both texts, Yamm has a sidekick, a divine beast that Ugaritic scribes called Lotan, but the Bible names Leviathan in some passages and Rahab in others (KTU 1.3.iii.4042; 1.5.i.13; see Job 26:1213 as well as Psalms 74:14 and 89:10). Sebelum anda mengirim pulsa, diwajibkan untuk menghubungi customer servicenya terlebih dahulu bahwa nomor tujuan yang akan dikirim masih aktif atau tidak. WebThe Canaanites were a Semitic-speaking cultural group that lived in Canaan (comprising Lebanon, southern Syria, Israel and Transjordan) beginning in the second millennium Wyatt, N, 1998, Religious Texts from Ugarit: The Words of Ilimilku and His Colleagues, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. For example, the Bible stresses blood as the source of life (e.g., Deuteronomy 12:23), but Ugaritic ritual texts do not (del Olmo Lete 2004, p. 41). 3:11-13). I am he who made you king. These biblical passages are difficult to evaluate. Be that as it may, the positions taken in this article will be disputed by some researchers. In spite of the constant flux among them, a few features of the major gods were stable throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages. Therefore, in divine mercy, ritual sacrifice provided communion between the divine and human. Brett, MG, 2003, Israels Indigenous Origins: Cultural Hybridity and the Formation of Israelite Identity, Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, vol. From the perspective of the elite classes, the higher gods played a more significant role, providing the ruling classes with religious and political legitimacy and the imposition of a divinely ordained legal structure. Bagaimana tidak, walaupun anda melakukan pengisian pulsa 10 ribu rupiah tidak ada pemotongan sama sekali. First, the movement of the Israelites into Canaan was the fruition of Gods promise to Abram that He would give that land to his children (Gen. 12:7). Parker 1997). Yahweh performs the role of Resheph when he sends a slave-god to strike the Assyrian army with plague in 2 Kings 19 (cf. At times, the Egyptians designated all their northeastern holdings Canaan (equivalent to another term, Hurru) while at other times Canaan designated the southern portion of this region more specifically. Practical wisdom, such as that reflected in the biblical book of Proverbs, governed daily interaction. Societies that prefer only one god invent a general practitioner who can meet all these needs. WebBut in the eyes of Israels religious leaders, the pagan ways of the Canaanites posed a continual threat to the integrity of the nation. 4000 bce). Be sure to like my page on Facebook, follow me on Twitter, follow me on Tumblr, Facebook, and subscribe to my blog to receive each post by email. Magical incantations were formulated to protect against serpents and scorpions, those who gossip, or those who use black magic to inflict the evil eye. One Ugaritic text seems to offer a ritual to cure sexual impotence. The names of the gods of Canaan and their place in the divine ranks differed from place to place and from human generation to generation. Moses met God in a burning bush in the desert, where he learned the greatness of God's name and received his commission to bring the Hebrews out of Egypt. 5323.). The legible portion of the damaged and fragmentary text reads: When El shines forth . In some cases, the language of the ancient texts can be very confusing. 4758, World Union of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem. The people of Israel developed their faith in the wilderness. In the classroom, he encourages the student to step back from personal religious commitments temporarily in order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly. This most common sacrifice was a peace offering. The second most common was the burnt offering. The peace offering was, in essence, a fellowship dinner. As was seen in Section V, Molek was a god of the dead who presided over the mute nonexistence of the underworld, but there is no clear evidence that he received human sacrifices. Israelite religion is not Canaanite religion if, and only if, Protestant religion is not Christian religion, Conservative Judaism is not Jewish religion, and Shiite Muslims do not practice Islamic religion. WebLewis Bayles Paton, Canaanite Influence on the Religion of Israel, The American Journal of Theology, Vol. Jesus provided the ultimate solution to resisting the seductiveness of pagan idol worship. WebCanaan and Israel, discussions critical to a full understanding of the world of Canaanite and Israelite religion. Bird, PA, 1997b, Missing Persons and Mistaken Identities: Women and Gender in Ancient Israel, Fortress, Minneapolis. At Ugarit, variant versions of the same myth appear in the texts of contemporary scribes. Although sometimes disputed, the root of her several names probably means place (but cf. Abraham lived in the Negev desert, where God made his covenant of blood with him and sealed it with circumcision. 7:5, 12:2-3; 2 Kings 16:4, 17:10; Jer. This redefinition does not amount to repudiation of antecedent religious strategies, but rather a reaffirmation of them. Rather, this expression means that the people did not acknowledge that Yahweh was their only God. The people . Serta joker gaming memiliki keuntungan dan kemenarikan hal hal lainnya saat bermain judi slot online joker. It was wholly burnt, transforming it into smoke that rose up to the gods abode. Dimana microgaming sudah hadir sejak tahun 2014 hingga saat ini masih ramai peminatnya di Indonesia. Sebelum bermain judi slot online, kami akan menyarankan beberapa provider slot online terbaik dengan memiliki win rate dan RTP tinggi dan dipastikan akan mudah untuk mendapatkan jackpot terus menerus. Likewise, inscriptions and the Bible agree that a practice called herem took place in some wars. The sun god was called Shaphash (female) or Shemesh (either female or male). Then an attempt will be made to give plausible explanations as to why this religion became so attractive to the Israelites upon entering the land of Canaan. The Israelites did not know whether Yahweh could provide them with abundant crops. This political system was also the common religion of the ancient world. Watson, WGE & Wyatt, N, eds., 1999, Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, Brill, Leiden. The biblical texts were edited at a late date to create the false impression of a unified pan-Israelite ethnos (Noll 1999, 2001b). It was not uncommon among the ancients (particularly of the Greco-Roman era) to slander others with charges of base sexual practices, and if one eliminates passages of this kind, the textual evidence for ritual sex nearly vanishes, though a handful of passages from ancient Greece might remain of interest for historians of that culture (MacLachlan 1992). A king employed a class of professional warriors (the aristocracy). Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. The Hebrew God was different from the gods of the Canaanites. Many urban temples and rural shrines have been excavated throughout Canaan, and the Ugaritic texts as well as the Bible are especially helpful to a study of religious behavior. These theologians invest the concept of distinctiveness with a value judgment, asserting or implying that biblical religion is superior to the inferior Canaanite cultural context from which it emerged. In all cases, the purpose of a god or set of gods is to provide a counterintuitive and therefore strangely compelling foundation for the prevailing morality and customs of the society. Ugaritic literature confirmed many of the things the Old Testament says about the religious practices of the Canaanites and shed light on the reasons the biblical writers were so hard on Israel because of their assimilation of Canaanite practices. 193202. Links Several of the Canaanite deities are mentioned in the book of Judges. It was because of the degraded paganism of the Canaanites that Yahweh ordered the complete destruction of their places of worship and Israels absolute separation from Canaanite religious practices. The leader of the gods, Zeus (Jupiter to the Romans), took on the role of Baal, the god of weather or storms. ), and the female held the primary authority, having revealed statutes, divine holy law (Noll 2001a, p. 247). WebCanaanite religion is a controversial term because the Bible and some religious scholars distinguish between Canaanite and Israelite religions. Noll, Professor Other gods were subordinate to, and partners with, the divine patron, just as the aristocracy and the commoners were expected to be subordinate to, and supportive of, the human king. Deuteronomy appears somewhat distinctive because its covenantal relationship exists between a god and a people rather than between a god and a king who represents a people, a point stressed by theologians (e.g., Mendenhall 2001). In one important case, an archive of ancient clay writing tablets has been recovered. Northern Baptist Seminary. Dennett, DC, 2006, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Viking, New York. Other important deities included Resheph, lord of plague and the nether world; Kothar, the divine craftsman; Asherah, consort of El; and Astarte, goddess of fertility. 6:13). As at Ugarit, many regions of Canaan knew a highest god named El. Bright, J, 2000, A History of Israel, 4th ed., Westminster John Knox, Louisville. It is said that in Corinth alone, there were more than 1,000 prostitutes in Aphrodite's temple. Braun, W & McCutcheon, RT, eds., 2000, Guide to the Study of Religion, Cassell, London. He propped his feet upon the footstool. This word suggests an unselfconsciously Canaanite worldview, since Israel means El strives (or perhaps El is just; cf. She appears sexually compelling (though not, perhaps, sexually active) and bloodthirsty in battle (P. L. Day 1992). Baal won his dominance by defeating the other deities, including the god of the sea, the god of storms (also of rain, thunder, and lightning), and the god of death. 18:10-12,20; Micah 5:2; 1 Cor. Biblically, Canaanites are identified in Genesis as descendants of Canaan, a son of Ham and grandson of Noah. The answer might begin with the counsel Jehovah Slot Online Spade Gaming At Ekron, where the storage jars are dedicated for Asherah, archaeologists found a silver medallion depicting a goddess who stands on a lion (Burns 1998). In other situations, Baal could merge with another god. El They comply. Serta habanero slot memiliki penilaian RTP cukup tinggi pada semua permainan game slot online yang dihadirkannya. Genesis 14:19, 22). Later, as biblical religion gradually banished the gods of the second and third tiers, leaving only the one high god, Yahweh, biblical writers became more interested in the angels. 8990). Maka mainkan habanero slot sekarang juga dengan melakukan deposit pada akun anda. A woman whose name means of the night (Delilah) cuts his hair and makes him weak (J. 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